Glossary

ACNE
Common skin disease in which pimples, often containing pus, appear on face, neck and shoulders.

ACTH
Abbreviation for adrenocorticotrophic hormone. One of the many hormones produced by the anterior
lobe of the pituitary gland. ACTH controls the outer part, rind or cortex of the adrenal glands. When ACTH is injected it dramatically relieves arthritic pain, but it has many undesirable side effects, among which is a condition similar to severe obesity. ACTH is now usually replaced by cortisone.

ADRENALIN
Hormone produced by the inner part of the adrenals. Among many other functions, adrenalin
is concerned with blood pressure, emotional stress, fear and cold.

ADRENALS
Endocrine glands. Small bodies situated atop the kidneys and hence also known as suprarenal
glands. The adrenals have an outer rind or cortex which produces vitally important hormones, among which are Cortisone similar substances. The adrenal cortex is controlled by ACTH. The inner part of the adrenals, the medulla, secretes adrenalin and is chiefly controlled by the autonomous nervous system.

ADRENOCORTEX
See adrenals.

AMPHETAMINES
Synthetic drugs which reduce the awareness of hunger and stimulate mental activity, rendering sleep impossible. When used for the latter two purposes they are dangerously habit-forming. They do not diminish the body's need for food, but merely suppress the perception of that need. The original drug was
known as Benzedrine, from which modern variants such as Dexedrine, Dexamil, and Preludin have been derived.  Amphetamines may help an obese patient to prevent a further increase in weight but are unsatisfactory for reducing, as they do not cure the underlying disorder and as their prolonged use may lead to malnutrition and addiction.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
Hardening of the arterial wall through the calcification of abnormal deposits of a fatlike substance known as cholesterol.

ASCHFIE1M-ZONDEK
Authors of a test by which early pregnancy can be diagnosed by injecting a woman's urine into female mice. The HCG present in pregnancy urine produces certain changes in the vagina of these animals. Many similar tests, using other animals such as rabbits, frogs, etc. have been devised.

ASSIMILATE
Absorbed digested food from the intestines.

AUTONOMOUS
Here used to describe the independent or vegetative nervous system which manages the automatic regulations of the body.

BASAL METABOLISM
The body's chemical turnover at complete rest and when fasting. The basal metabolic rate is expressed as the amount of oxygen used up in a given time. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is controlled by the thyroid gland.

CALORIE
The physicist's calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 cc. of water by 1 degree Centigrade. The dietician's Calorie (always written with a capital C) is 1000 times greater. Thus when we speak of a 500 Calorie diet this means that the body is being supplied with as much fuel as would be required to raise the temperature of 500 liters of water by 1 degree Centigrade or 50 liters by 10 degrees. This is quite insufficient to cover the heat and energy requirements of an adult body. In the HCG method the deficit is made up from the abnormal fat-deposits, of which 1 lb. furnishes the body with more than 2000 Calories. As this is roughly the amount lost every day, a patient under HCG is never short of fuel.

CEREBRAL
Of the brain. Cerebral vascular disease is a disorder concerning the blood vessels of the brain, such as cerebral thrombosis or hemorrhage, known as apoplexy or stroke.

CHOLESTEROL
A fatlike substance contained in almost every cell of the body. In the blood it exists in two
forms, known as free and esterified. The latter form is under certain conditions deposited in the inner lining of the arteries (see arteriosclerosis). No clear and definite relationship between fat intake and cholesterol-level in the blood has yet been established.

CHORIONIC
Of the chorion, which is part of the placenta or after-birth. The term chorionic is justly applied to HCG, as this hormone is exclusively produced in the placenta, from where it enters the human mother's blood
and is later excreted in her urine.

COMPULSIVE EATING
A form of oral gratification with which a repressed sex-instinct is sometimes vicariously relieved. Compulsive eating must not be confused with the real hunger from which most obese patients suffer.

CONGENITAL
Any condition which exists at or before birth.

CORONARY ARTERIES
Two blood vessels which encircle the heart and supply all the blood required by the heart-muscle.

CORPUS LUTEUM
A yellow body which forms in the ovary at the follicle from which an egg has been
detached. This body acts as an endocrine gland and plays an important role in menstruation and pregnancy. Its secretion is one of the sex hormones, and it is stimulated by another hormone known as LSH, which stands for luteum stimulating hormones. LSH is produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. LSH is truly gonadotrophic and must never be confused with HCG, which is a totally different substance, having no direct action on the corpus luteum.

CORTEX
Outer covering or rind. The term is applied to the outer part of the adrenals but is also used to describe the gray matter which covers the white matter of the brain.

CORTISONE
A synthetic substance which acts like an adrenal hormone. It is today used in the treatment of a large number of illnesses, and several chemical variants have been produced, among which are prednisone and
Triamcinolone.

CUSHING
A great American brain surgeon who described a condition of extreme obesity associated with symptoms of adrenal disorder. Cushing's Syndrome may be caused by organic disease of the pituitary or the adrenal glands but, as was later discovered, it also occurs as a result of excessive ACTH medication.

DIENCEPHALON
A primitive and hence very old part of the brain which lies between and under the two large hemispheres. In man the diencephalon (or hypothalamus) is subordinate to the higher brain or cortex, and yet it ultimately controls all that happens inside the body. It regulates all the endocrine glands, the autonomous
nervous system, the turnover of fat and sugar. It seems also to be the seat of the primitive animal instincts and is the relay station at which emotions are translated into bodily reactions.

DIURETIC
Any substance that increases the flow of urine.

DYSFUNCTION
Abnormal functioning of any organ, be this excessive, deficient or in any way altered.

EDEMA
An abnormal accumulation of water in the tissues.

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM
Tracing of electric phenomena taking place in the heart during each beat. The tracing provides information about the condition and working of the heart which is not otherwise obtainable.

ENDOCRINE
We distinguish endocrine and exocrine glands. The former produce hormones, chemical regulators, which they secrete directly into the blood circulation in the gland and from where they are carried all over the body. Examples of endocrine glands are the pituitary, the thyroid and the adrenals. Exocrine glands produce a visible secretion such as saliva, sweat, urine. There are also glands which are endocrine and exocrine. Examples are the testicles, the prostate and the pancreas, which produces the hormone insulin and digestive ferments which flow from the gland into the intestinal tract. Endocrine glands are closely inter dependent of each other, they are linked to the autonomous nervous system and the diencephalon presides over this whole incredibly complex regulatory system.

EMACIATED
Grossly undernourished.

EUPHORIA
A feeling of particular physical and mental well being.

FERAL
Wild, unrestrained.

FIBROID
Any benign new growth of connective tissue. When such a tumor originates from a muscle, it is known as a myoma. The most common seat of myomas is the uterus.

FOLLICLE
Any small bodily cyst or sac containing a liquid. Here the term applies to the ovarian cyst in which the egg is formed. The egg is expelled when a ripe follicle bursts and this is known as ovulation (see corpus luteum).

FSH
Abbreviation for follicle-stimulating hormone. FSH is another (see corpus luteum) anterior pituitary hormone which acts directly on the ovarian follicle and is therefore correctly called a gonadotrophin.

GLANDS
See endocrine.

GONADOTROPHIN
See corpus luteum, follicle and FSH. Gonadotrophic literally means sex gland-directed.

FSH, LSH and the equivalent hormones in the male, all produced in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, are true gonadotrophins. Unfortunately and confusingly, the term gonadotrophin has also been applied to the placental hormone of pregnancy known as human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). This hormone acts on the diencephalon and can only indirectly influence the sex-glands via the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

HCG
Abbreviation for human chorionic gonadotrophin

HORMONES
See endocrine.

HYPERTENSION
High blood pressure.

HYPOGLYCEMIA
A condition in which the blood sugar is below normal. It can be relieved by eating sugar.

HYPOPHYSIS
Another name for the pituitary gland.

HYPOTHESIS
A tentative explanation or speculation on how observed facts and isolated scientific data can
be brought into an intellectually satisfying relationship of cause and effect. Hypotheses are useful for directing further research, but they are not necessarily an exposition of what is believed to be the truth. Before a hypothesis can advance to the dignity of a theory or a law, it must be confirmed by all future research. As soon as research turns up data which no longer fit the hypothesis, it is immediately abandoned for a better one.

LSH
See corpus luteum.

METABOLISM
See basal metabolism.

MIGRAINE
Severe half-sided headache often associated with vomiting.

MUCOID
Slime-like.

MYOCARDIUM
The heart-muscle.

MYOMA
See fibroid.

MYXEDEMA
Accumulation of a mucoid substance in the tissues which occurs in cases of severe primary thyroid deficiency.

NEOLITHIC
In the history of human culture we distinguish the Early Stone Age or Paleolithic, the Middle Stone Age or Mesolithic and the New Stone Age or Neolithic period. The Neolithic period started about 8000 years ago when the first attempts at agriculture, pottery and animal domestication made at the end of the
Mesolithic period suddenly began to develop rapidly along the road that led to modern civilization.

NORMAL SALINE
A low concentration of salt in water equal to the salinity of body fluids.

PHLEBITIS
An inflammation of the veins. When a blood-clot forms at the site of the inflammation, we
speak of Thrombophlebitis.

PITUITARY
A very complex endocrine gland which lies at the base of the skull, consisting chiefly of an anterior and a posterior lobe. The pituitary is controlled by the diencephalon, which regulates the anterior lobe by means of hormones which reach it through small blood vessels. The posterior lobe is controlled by nerves which run from the diencephalon into this part of the gland. The anterior lobe secretes many hormones, among
which are those that regulate other glands such as the thyroid, the adrenals and the sex glands.

PLACENTA
The after-birth. In women, a large and highly complex organ through which the child in the womb receives its nourishment from the mother's body. It is the organ in which HCG is manufactured and then given off into the mother's blood.

PROTEIN
The living substance in plant and animal cells. Herbivorous animals can thrive on plant protein alone, but man must base some protein of animal origin (milk, eggs or flesh) to live healthily. When insufficient protein is eaten, the body retains water.

PSORIASIS
A skin disease which produces scaly patches. These tend to disappear during pregnancy and during the treatment of obesity by the HCG method.

RENAL
Of the kidney.

RESERPINE
An Indian drug extensively used in the treatment of high blood pressure and some forms of mental disorder.

RETENTION ENEMA
The slow infusion of a liquid into the rectum, from where it is absorbed and not evacuated.

SACRUM
A fusion of the lower vertebrate into the large bony mass to which the pelvis is attached.

SEDIMENTATION RATE
The speed at which a suspension of red blood cells settles out. A rapid settling out is called a high sedimentation rate and may be indicative of a large number of bodily disorders of pregnancy.

SEXUAL SELECTION
A sexual preference for individuals which show certain traits. If this preference or selection goes on generation after generation, more and more individuals showing the trait will appear among the general population. The natural environment has little or nothing to do with this process. Sexual selection therefore differs from natural selection, to which modern man is no longer subject because he changes his
environment rather than let the environment change him.

STRIATION
Tearing of the lower layers of the skin owing to rapid stretching in obesity or during pregnancy. When first formed striae are dark reddish lines which later change into white scars.

SUPRARENAL GLANDS
See adrenals.

SYNDROME
A group of symptoms which in their association are characteristic of a particular disorder.

THROMBOPHLEBITIS
See phlebitis.

THROMBUS
A blood-clot in a blood-vessel.

TRIAMCINOLONE
A modern derivative of cortisone.

URIC ACID
A product of incomplete protein-breakdown or utilization in the body. When uric acid becomes deposited in the gristle of the joints we speak of gout.

VARICOSE ULCERS
Chronic ulceration above the ankles due to varicose veins which interfere with the normal blood circulation in the affected areas.

VEGETATIVE
See autonomous.

VERTEBRATE
Any animal that has a back-bone.